Individual with Visual Impairment and Translation : A Case Study of Visually Impaired Translator in Translating News Text of TVKU

This article is of specialized translation study. It discusses a translation activity conducted by a visually impaired translator. The study focuses on the translation techniques, methods, and ideology which are carried out by the translator. Using qualitative descriptive method, the authors are able to identify that the translator uses five translation techniques. Four (addition, reduction, adaptation, and generalization) are target-language-oriented techniques and one technique is source-language-oriented one (borrowing). In translating TVKU news text, the subject of the study applies four translation steps. To conclude, the translator’s cognitive concept affects his decision to translate the text.


Introduction
The world is composed of very complex life supporting elements.These elements cannot stand alone in one entity but they are interrelated to each other.Language is one of the crucial elements in human life.Human cannot live without language; this is reflected in Suriasumantri (1998) who states that language is a medium for conveying factual objects, which then transformed into language.
Language is an entity developing goes along with human development.Language development can be observed from the historical process of human development, or, from the process of cognitive development and human maturity.Furthermore, this development affected the growth of language quantity in the world.According to Anderson in How Many Languages Are There in the World?(Downloaded in December 2010) the growth of languages in the world reaches the number of 6,809 and has the possibility to increase along with the development of the number of new countries in the world.However, the language growth is also not without risk.The growth of the number of languages in the world is affected by language users in the world partitioned by a dimension of language private space.This dimension appears in the form of state boundaries using different languages.According to Heynold (1994: 12) at the Second Language International Conference in Elsinore, Denmark, the growth of new countries affects the growth of languages quantity in the world.Furthermore, by the increasing human desire to comply with physical and non-physical needs, such as the need to increase the state income through export-import activities up to the efforts for increasing intelligence and human insight, therefore, the efforts to overcome the partition of language private space is needed.As a way out, translation comes up as the top option (Nugroho, 2010;2016;2018;Nugroho et al, 2017).. Translation arises as an option in the communication life among countries.In the effort to increase the state revenues through international export-import activities, translation is needed to bridge language differences in the world; in addition, translation is also useful to make understand the procedures or manual documents in export-import activities.Then, to fulfill human needs for the development of insight and knowledge, translation arises as the access to science, knowledge, technology and innovation.In the context of the development of science, Indonesia absorbs a lot of knowledge and technology from foreign countries, especially English-speaking countries.

Translation Theory
In the simplest definition, translation can mean "the act of rendering written text from one language to another" (Glossary of Translation and Interpreting: Terms and Definitions).Nida (1964: 12) considers that translation must produce a text or message that is closest, proportional, and natural (proper) from the source language to the target language.Another definition also comes up from Newmark (1981) who views translation as an activity of transferring written texts from source languages to target languages by paying attention to grammatical, lexical forms naturally.According to Yadnya (2006) translation is an activity expressing a meaning conveyed by source language to the target language, this phenomenon appears as code switching (transcoding) or the language system.The common features possessed by translation are (a) the existence of language transfer (from the source language to the target language); (b) the existence of content transfer (content); and (c) there is a necessity or demand to find the equivalent in maintaining its original feature.
Translation or übersetzen sometimes has been simplified by public.This activity is sometimes only associated with the activities of 'opening a dictionary and searching for meaning'; however, translation is not as simple as that because there are many complex elements related to translation, such as cultures.Related to culture, Larsson (1984: 33) has discussed it neatly by saying "when a source language is a culture that is very different from the culture in which the receptor is spoken, it is difficult to translate in such a way that the results will communicate the same message ".This point implies that (in the context of translation) different cultures have their own difficulties affecting the message that must be conveyed.This is in line with what is stated by Nababan (2004): Translation is a communication device.As a communication device, translation has communicative goals.The text writer of a source language, translator as a mediator, and client or text reader of a target language determine the communicative goals.The goal is strongly influenced by the social and cultural context along with author's ideology of the source language text, translator, and client or text reader of the target language.
Generally, translation is a process of transferring text from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL).Some definitions come from the experts in the field of translation, for instance Catford, Bassnett, Newmark, and many more.According to Catford (1974: 20) the notion of translation is -the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by an equivalent in another language (target language)‖.Further, Bell (1991:6), revealed that: Translation is the replacement of a representation of an equivalence text in a second language.Text in different language can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially), in terms of different levels of presentation (equivalent in the context, semantics, grammar, lexis.)and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).Bariki (2008) said almost the same thing in his opinion that reads, -the primary purpose of translation is the different types of linguistic signs.In the process of reproducing a message and its result from one linguistic form into another, the translator is often confronted with problems of contextual meanings‖.For more deeply, Bassnett (1980: 54) also argues that translation is a complicated process of transferring a language to another language.Furthermore, Bassnett identifies that Dolet, summarized this process in 1540, in his work entitled La Maniere de Bien ASIAN TEFL, Vol. 3 No.2, 2018, www.asian-tefl.comTraduire Déune Langue en Aultre and Dolet's work contained the basic principles of translation that reads: a) The translator must fully understand the sense and meaning of the original author, although he is at liberty to clarify obscurities.b) The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both source language and target language.c) The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word-forword renderings.d) The translator should use forms of speech in common use.e) The translator should choose and order words appropriately to produce the correct tone.
From these notions, we can identify that translation is not just "replacing" SL text into TL, but translators need to consider the equivalence or natural equivalence (natural) from SL to TL.More explicitly, Bariki (2008) even argues that translation is a complicated process related to the technical ability of translation and aesthetic sensitivity.This case is noted in his thesis, which reads, -Translating is not a separate science, but it often does represent specialized skills and can also require aesthetic sensitivity.Skilled translators must have a special capacity for sensing the closest natural equivalent of a text, whether oral or written‖.
Furthermore, as one of the items in the translation analysis process, the translation technique is one part that cannot be left out.Molina and Albir (2002: 509) propose that translation technique is one of the tools to analyze and classify the translation equivalence and can even be applied to various lingual units contained in translation products.This is reflected in the thoughts of Molina and Albir (1998) which read "Translation techniques describe the results obtained, affect micro units of the translation text, and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions".Comprehensively Molina and Albir (1998) present several examples of translation techniques: a) Borrowing.Technique of borrowing is done when a word or expression is taken directly from another language.b) Modulation.Technique of modulation is a shift in point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural.Modulation includes abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc. c) Transposition.Whereas modulation is a shift in cognitive category, transposition is a shift between grammatical categories.d) Generalization.This technique is done when a more general or neutral term is used.e) Reduction.Technique of reduction is purposed to suppress a ST information item in the TT.f) Literal translation.Technique of literal translation is done when a translator translates a word or an expression word for word.g) Adaptation.Adaptation includes replacing a ST cultural element with one from the target culture.
However, in this article, the researchers use 17 translation techniques cited from Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) which are then divided into translation techniques oriented into the source language and target language.Translation techniques oriented into source languages consist of borrowing techniques, calque, and literal translation.Whereas translation techniques oriented into the target language consist of transposition, adaptation, amplification, common equivalence, generalization, particularization, modulation, reduction, omission, addition, compensation, description, discursive creation, and variation.
The translation method is an item related to the purpose of translator in translating the text.As quoted in A Textbook of Translation, Newmark (1988: 45) (Newmark, 1988) From the diagram mentioned, the translation method sourced in SL is in the left side (SL Emphasis), whereas that sourced from TL is in the right side (TL Emphasis).
In the realm of translation, ideology is defined as a guide to the suitability of translations with rules, norms and cultures applied in the target language.The ideology used by the translator is mutual drag between two opposing poles, between ideology oriented in the source languages and that oriented in the target language (Venuti in Hoed, 2006: 84), that Venuti puts forward with the terms of foreignizing and domesticating translation.This principle, which eventually produces two poles in translation, is called foreignization and domestication ideology.
Foreignization ideology is oriented on SL.Venutti (1995) argues, "foreignization requires the translators to express the author's ideas in a way that is similar to usage and expression in the author's language".Translators who faithfully use foreignization ideology try to maintain something odd (or unusual) in TL but general and typical in the TL culture.Otherwise, domestication ideology is oriented to the principles, norms, and culture of the TL.Domestication 'demands' the translation adjacency to the target reader's language.Translators with domestication ideology will attempt to replace something odd and unusual in SL and replaces it by something that is common and known in the TL culture.In the study of domestication, Nida and de Waard (1986: 14) even argue that "the translator must be a person who can draw aside the curtains of the linguistic and cultural differences so that the relevance of the original message".Furthermore, analyzing the tendency of visually impaired translator in the translation process becomes more interesting because the background knowledge or schemata of a translator plays very important role towards the translation process.

Cognitive Theory of Individual with Visual Impairment
Translation, as a discourse and praxis of linguistics, holds an important role in the life of globalization.Further, translation is a means of delivering messages from source languages to receptor languages.In its development, words, terms and expressions in the language used also change in accordance with the progress of an era (Soenhadji, 2009).The basic of language development itself is influenced by two basic assumptions, namely language which is seen as a sign system adapting to the rules that form a grammar system regardless to the user.In linguistics this assumption is known as a cognitive code system that prioritizes language functions as a homogeneous system.The second assumption is that language is seen as a system that is conveyed through cultural transmission based on dynamic behavior changes (Syukur, 2009).So far, the development or this dynamic behavior change can be captured through human physical entities called five senses.
Through the five senses, human obtains information about the physical and environmental conditions around (Ayres, 1979).Sensory information received will enter to the brain through not only the eyes, ears, and nose but also enter through the entire body.Furthermore, sensory information comes from: 1. Eyes (Visual).It is also called the sense of sight, located on the retina.Its function is to convey all visual information about objects and people.2. Ear (Auditory).It is also called the auditory sense, located in the inner of the ear.
Its function is to forward sound information.3. Olfactory (Olfactory).It is also called the sense of smell, located in the mucous membranes of the nose; its function is to continue information about smells (flowers, perfume, and smell of food) 4. Tongue (Gustatory).It is also called the sense of taste, located on the tongue; its function is to pass on information about taste (sweet, sour, bitter, etc.) and texture in the mouth (rough, smooth, etc.) 5. Skin (Tactile).Tactile is the sense of touch that is located on the skin and part of the mucous membrane.Newborns receive information for the first time through this sense of touch.6. Muscles and joints (Proprioceptive).Through this sense, individuals can know and recognize their body parts and how do these body parts move (in Ayres, 1972) Based on the description above, the role of each of the five senses in the process of developing information needed by human is very important.If there is one of the five senses get obstructed or is not functioning, then the development of information-received will even disrupted.If it is associated with the factor in the development of language information, moreover the development of meaning, loss of visual function, as one of the sensory information, will effect in the disruption of the process of delivering objects visualization.
Furthermore, the sensory process is begun with the receipt of input (registration), the individual is aware of the input.The next process is orientation, which is the stage in which individuals pay attention to incoming input.The next stage, we begin to interpret the input (interpretation).The next is the organization stage.It is the stage in which the brain decides to take notice or ignore this input.The last step is execution.It is the real action taken based on the sensory input (Williamson and Anzalone, 1996).
One of the behaviors that is often carried out by humans is eye movement action, this case is indicated by Bridgeman (1992) who argues that "Indeed, it can be argued that the most frequent behavior of human beings is a movement of the eyes".This behavior provides visual advantage information to human in order to be recorded in their memories 5 .In the discussion about visual information and language, linguists will be associated to semantic study.In semantic study, there are discussions about symbol, reference, and referent.This discussion is represented in a diagram introduced by Ogden and Richards (1923) named symbols and semantic triangle, as shown below: Diagram 2. Symbols and Semantic Triangle (Ogden and Richards, 1923) Through this diagram, it is explained that meaning (thought or reference) is the relationship between the symbol with the reference or referent.
The relationship between symbol and reference is indirect, while the relationship between symbol and referent and referent with reference is direct.A word such as a book consists of sound symbol [b-u-k-u] and concept or mental image (object) called a book.The word meaning of the book is a concept symbol of the book stored in our brain, symbolized by the word ‗a book'.This becomes a handicap for visually impaired translator because the symbol of a concept is empty due to the lack of visual information entering the translator's cognitive area.
In the study of visually impaired translator, the researchers are unable to identify the existence of research about translation with special needs.However, there are several studies related to the translation of special needs, such as the one that is conducted by Kirk Wilson (1979).He tries to examine the importance of language inference and language processing in children with hearing loss and deafness in his dissertation entitled Inference and Language Processing in Hearing and Deaf Children.In that scientific paper, Wilson tries to identify the importance of language inference to be the linguistic input for children with hearing loss and deafness.However, unlike the nature of this study which studying process-related research, their research is a product-related one.

Research Problems
The main problems in this paper are detailed and formulated as follows: 1

Research Methodology
This study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach with embedded case study design (embedded case study research), in which this study uses theories as a boundary, directed at a certain boundary or certain focus targeted in research (Sutopo, 2006: 139).Furthermore, in this article, the researchers use a particular case study, which is exploratory and descriptive case study.According to Barkley, et.al (2001) exploratory and descriptive case study is -Exploratory and descriptive case studies, on the other hand, examine the development and characteristics of phenomena often with the goal of developing hypotheses of cause -effect relationships‖.
The qualitative-descriptive approach based on several factors, one of them, the data studied are qualitative data in the form of written text in Indonesian translated into English.Then data are described and adjusted to the purpose of this study.Furthermore, this research is an embedded single case study.The data sources have been determined before this study is conducted.Then drawn conclusion is applied only to analyzed research data.
In this article, the data sources being studied are: a) translation news text broadcasted on TVKU television station; and b) a visually impaired translator named Suryandaru (SD).Then, in this article, the researchers do not use either rater or target readers because we only want to describe the process experienced by visually impaired translator.Therefore, we used document review technique (content analysis) and interview as the techniques of data collection.In this case, the document being analyzed is the English translation text of TVKU news program and in-depth interview to SD, as the translator with visual impairment.
SD is the translator of news text broadcasted on TVKU, a television station owned by Universitas Dian Nuswantoro.The news text analyzed in this paper is the news text broadcasted on the TVKU news program aired on January 13, 2018.This news text consists of two headlines, in which the news translated by SD is related to the news events around Semarang.This news text is chosen because this news text is the most recent news text translated by SD.This case is in line with what stated by Suryana (downloaded in January 2011) considering that primary data need to be upto-date.

Result and Discussion
This section presents the results of research concerning the techniques, methods, ideology, and translation process carried out by visually impaired translator in translating the news text.

Translation Techniques
Based on the translation, we obtain five translation techniques applied by the translator.The five of these translation techniques are: addition, borrowing, reduction, adaptation, and generalization.The following is the distribution of each technique: As seen in the Table 1, the reduction and addition occupy the first position in their use and borrowing along with generalization take the last position in the use.Next, the following is the description and analysis.

Addition Technique
The addition technique is the addition of information from the translator that is not contained in the source text (SL).It is done to enrich the information and to add information to the reader.
Based on this description, there are five data using this technique.The following are the examples of addition technique found in translation.(3) the additional information regarding the attractiveness of Gunung Pati, as a fruit village; (4) the additional information about longan.
Furthermore, in developing the analysis in this paper, the researchers also use interview technique.Through the interview with the researchers, SD reveals the reasons for using this addition technique.According to SD, the use of this technique aims to provide information to the target audience.In ( 1) and ( 2), SD believes that KIP and the Legal Resource Center for Gender and Human Rights Studies are an organization that contain culture specific item or boards that are only found in Indonesia, and perhaps quite a lot of Indonesians do not understand the functions of these boards.Thus, SD concludes to provide additional information referred to the function of the KIP and the Legal Resource Center for Gender and Human Rights (HAM) Studies.Then, according to SD, the use of additional technique in (3) and (4) intend to provide only the aesthetic function.According to SD, it magnetizes; and the famous small fruit has a hyperbolic and aesthetic function (cosmetic function).
SD argues that his decision to use additional techniques is based on the concepts on his mind.According to SD, the existing concept when translating (1) and ( 2) are official government board that do not often appear in either print or electronic media (in other words, both boards are not well known).Therefore, SD's decision in adding information in ( 1) and ( 2) aims to provide information to the public about the profile of the governing board.Whereas in translating ( 3) and ( 4), SD believes that, the text looks "plain" and does not have an aesthetic view.

Borrowing Technique
This technique is used by taking a word or phrase directly from the source language without adjusting the phonetic and morphological systems.In this article, there is one data referring to the borrowing technique.The following is an example of borrowing technique found in the translation.
Tabel 3. In the interview conducted with SD, this technique is used by SD because SD does not find the right equevalent towards Bapermas.SD reveals that SD uses online dan offline dictionaries to support the translation process.The first, SD translates the word into online and offline dictionaries, after he has gotten its translation results, SD verifies them through internet.In this context, SD said that he himself cannot find appropriate equivalent terminlogy to translate the word ‖muspida‖ after he tries to translate the word ‖muspida‖ in the online dictionary.
The use of this technique, according to SD, is also related with the cognitive concept appeared when ‖borrowing‖ other word purely.According to SD, the concept appeared in the word Bapermas is official government board that quite often exists in the news in either printed or electronic media.(Or in other word, Bapermas is quite well-known in audience's ears).

Reduction technique
This technique is conducted by compressing the SL text information feature into TL text.The following is the example.In the interview with the researchers, SD states several reasons underlying its decision in using reduction technique.The reasons put forward by SD are in relation to the concepts raised in his mind, difficulties when translating, and linguistic factors.In (1), SD reduces the word of -public board‖ because of the difficulty he faces when he tries to find the right equivalent to translate the phrase.SD believes that the concept of "public board" is not appropriate when it is described as a government board issuing share offer to public (IPO-Initial Public Offering).Therefore, SD decides to reduce that phrase.However, the use of reduction technique in ( 2) and ( 4) is based on linguistic factor.SD argues that there is a repetition or redundancy in ( 2) and ( 4), so that SD simply translates it with the words -decided and government‖.Furthermore, the reduction technique used in ( 3) is based on the cognitive concept emerged when he finally reduces "taking time".According to SD, in the concept of TL culture, there is no concept of "taking time" because the TL culture has the obedience to the schedule and time.According to him, the concept of "taking time" is related to the concept of spontaneity and being unscheduled; and therefore SD tries to compress the information features by using the word visited because according to him the feature "taking time" has been represented in the word -visited‖.

Adaptation Technique
Adaptation is used by replacing SL's typical terms with other terms accepted in the TL.The followings are the examples of it.

Gunung Pati Village
From the Table 5 above, it can be known that SD uses adaptation technique in (1) 48 hours; (2) authorities; (3) village.Furthermore, based on the interview results, SD uses adaptation technique because of the prevalence of translation.What is meant by the prevalence factor, according to SD, is -a word or phrase being familiar in TL culture".According to SD, in TL's culture, it is not common to use time estimation of "seven times twenty four hours" and in the TL culture, the time estimation more commonly used is 48 hours.Similarly, in (2) and (3) which use adaptation technique.In this case, SD translates "muspida" and "kelurahan" with words that are commonly used in TL culture.According to SD, "muspida" and "kelurahan" are words that have high cultural elements in SL culture and they do not exist in TL culture context.Therefore, SD uses adaptation technique to replace the "muspida" and "kelurahan".
More specifically, in translating "kelurahan", SD uses offline and online dictionaries to verify the translation.After getting the translation from the two dictionaries, SD carries out the verification phase again by checking on the internet.In this context, SD succeeds to find the right equivalent to translate "kelurahan" through the support of dictionaries and the internet.

Generalization Technique
By using generalization technique, the translator tries to use more general or neutral terms in SL so that the meaning of the word seems to be common.The following is the example.

Visited the fruit farmers
Through generalization technique, SD translates "petani durian and kelengkeng" with the fruit farmers.If we look at the findings above, SD applied different standards to the translation results of TEXT 2 / DATA 8 on "durian and kelengkeng" with TEXT 2 / DATA 13, in which SD translates "durian and kelengkeng" with dorian and longan.
Through the interview with researcher, SD reveals that the generalization technique used in TEXT 2 / DATA 8 appears because of the concept formed in his mind.
According to SD, if he translated "petani durian and kelengkeng" with dorian and longan farmers, then he believed there were 2 groups of farmers in two different places.However, SD believed that "petani durian and kelengkeng" (in this context durian and kelengkeng farmers met by the mayor of Semarang) gather and are not separated into two parts.Therefore, SD uses generalization technique in TEXT 2 / DATA 8.

Translation Method
As mentioned earlier, the method is an option that affects the translation text at the macro level.The method used by translators is also a 'tool' that can be seen from the use of translation techniques used by translators (at the micro level).On the other hand, in other words, the method directs the translator to determine the technique used when transferring messages from the source language into the target language.
By tracing the technique used by the translator, it can be determined what method tends to applied in the translation.Based on the table 1 above, the techniques that are tended to the source languages is one technique, namely: pure borrowing.While the target language-oriented techniques are: a) addition, b) reduction, c) adaptation, and d) generalization.Thus, it can be concluded that in translating the news text, SD ASIAN TEFL, Vol. 3 No.2, 2018, www.asian-tefl.comuses the adaptation translation method.This translation method focuses on the forms of translation oriented to TL culture.

Translation Ideology
Ideology is the foundation used by translators to determine the direction of their translation.Translation ideology has a dichotomy between the orientation to SL and TL.Translators will always face these dichotomies.If the translators use and maintain a foreign culture or term, then the translator referred to as having SL orientation (or in the term introduced by Venuti, it is called with foreignization).Furthermore, if the translator uses and utilizes the culture in the target language, the translator is oriented to TL (or domestication).Based on the Table 7 above, then researcher can draw the conclusion that SD uses domestication ideology to translate the news text.

Realization of the Translation Phase by Visually Impaired Translator
In translating the text of the TVKU news program, SD presents several steps that must be conducted before translating a text.Robinson (in Amalia, downloaded in January 2011) states that translation is a series of learning processes that move continuously in three stages, namely instinct, experience and habits.In this process, SD's instincts are related with his vision disability.Furthermore, in the discussions about instincts, SD involves the cognitive concepts that arise in his mind when he translates a text.Then, the experience factor related to his life events or activities can affect his decision.Based on the Diagram 1 above, in the initial stage, it can be seen that SD conducts several activities, such as: a) obtaining the text.The text obtained by SD is usually with the format of doc, pdf, or in paper form (physical); b) preparing the translation tools.After getting the text, the SD prepares the translation tools, such as laptop or computer installed with JAWS program, an offline dictionary (electronic dictionary installed on a laptop or computer) and online dictionaries, and internet network.The internet network is needed to provide access to online dictionary and virtual search engine (google, yahoo, etc.); c) adjusting the text format into JAWS program.After receiving the text, usually in the form of paper, SD adjusts the format into then one that can be read by JAWS program.Furthermore, JAWS sometimes automatically adjusts the format such as doc.and pdf. to be readable.
In the translating stage, SD translates the news texts with the support of JAWS program, offline and online dictionaries, and virtual search engines.In this translation phase, after getting the intended translation, SD puts in the translation into a virtual search engine (SD usually uses Google search engine) to check the acceptability of the translation.
The evaluation stage is a stage conducted by SD when he has completed the initial draft of the news text.The initial draft of the text is read by JAWS and SD monitors the initial draft of the news text through the sound produced by JAWS program.The mistake or difficulties are then revised by SD.Furthermore, SD conducts the revision stage twice.If there is a third revision, SD will ask help from other translators (who do not have visual impairment) to help him completing the final draft.Strictly, SD says that he does not need much help from others who do not have visual impairment to translate the text.Revision toward translation is also based on personal reflection and evaluation and it does not use any assessment from the target audience.SD's ‗assignment' is considered accomplished if he has reached the final stage or the final translation draft stage.

Conclusion
From the discussion that has been explained above, the researchers can draw the following conclusion: firstly, In translating the news text, SD uses five translation techniques.The five translation techniques are: addition, borrowing, reduction, adaptation, and generalization.Reduction and addition occupy the first position in their use.Meanwhile, generalization and borrowing occupy the last position in their use.Theoretically, in translating the news text, SD has the tendency to the target language emphasis.Therefore, in this research, SD uses domestication ideology to translate the text.This can be seen from the adaptation translation methods used by SD.Secondly, in translating the news text, SD encounters four stages of translation.The first stage (initial stage) is the preparation stage, the second stage (translating stage) is the core of translation stage, the third stage (evaluation stage) is the evaluation stage of the translation result, and the fourth or final stage (final translation draft stage) is the last stage culminating in the final translation draft.
Thirdly, The cognitive concept possessed by SD influences SD's decisions in translating the news texts.Because the translator has visual impairment, then the sense he relies on, as input, is hearing sense.
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that translation is a decision undertaken by the translator from various alternative variations that are available to re-express a particular message.Furthermore, the decisions taken by the translator are strongly determined by the internal and external conditions of the translator.

Furthermore,
Neves (2005) also investigates the role and function of audiovisual translation (subtitling) for the deaf.Neves in his dissertation entitled Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing is an action research dissertation that examines the visual coherence of a text influenced by subtitling of film through the point of view of the deaf and that of visual coherence seen from Concept Thing Symbol anaphoric and cataphoric references.His research subject, however, is not an impaired translator.Meanwhile, Nugroho et al. (2016) write almost similar topic.They study the translation microstrategies used by two visually impaired translators.Their research shows that the translators only possess the competence of non-professional ones.

Furthermore, in this
section, the researchers describe the translation stages realized by SD from the beginning stage (preparation) to the final stage (final translation product).SD classifies the translation phase into four stages.The first stage, (SD calls it the initial stage) is the preparation stage, the second stage (translating stage) is the core of the translation stage, the third stage (evaluation stage) is the evaluation stage towards the translation results, and the fourth or final stage (final translation draft stage) is the last stage which creates the final draft of the translation.Below is the translation phase of SD when he translates the news text.Diagram 1. SD's Translation Stage . What translation techniques are applied by the translator in translating Indonesian text of TVKU news program into English?2. What translation methods are applied by the translator in translating Indonesian text of TVKU news program into English?3. What translation ideology is used or followed by the translator in translating Indonesian text of TVKU news program into English?4. How is translation stage realized by the visually impaired translator in TVKU news program?

Table 1 .
Translation Techniques of Translator SD

Table 2 .
Addition Translation TechniqueIn this technique, SD adds some information's about: (1) the function of the Commission Information Province or KIP; (2) the function of the Legal Resource Center on Gender and Human Rights (HAM) Studies;

Table 3 .
Borrowing Translation Techniques

Table 5 .
Adaptation Translation Technique

Table 6 .
Generalization Translation Technique

Table 7 .
Adaptation Translation Technique